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Shahadah is the declaration that there is no deity worthy of worship except Allah and that Muhammad (PBUH) is His Messenger. It is the first pillar because it expresses the belief on which the other acts of worship are based.
La ilaha illa Allah affirms Tawhid: no deity is worthy of worship except Allah. It is the core statement of Islamic monotheism and the first part of the Shahadah.
Salah is the pillar of prescribed prayer. Muslims perform five obligatory prayers each day, making prayer the recurring act of worship in daily life.
Fajr is the dawn prayer and the first of the five obligatory daily prayers. Its time begins at true dawn and ends before sunrise.
Zuhr is the midday prayer, beginning after the sun passes its highest point. It is followed later in the day by Asr.
Asr is the afternoon obligatory prayer. It is one of the five daily prayers and comes between Zuhr and Maghrib.
Maghrib begins immediately after sunset. It is the evening prayer and is followed later by Isha, the night prayer.
Isha is the night prayer and completes the cycle of the five obligatory daily prayers. It is performed after Maghrib once its time has ended.
Qiblah is the direction of prayer, facing the Sacred Mosque and the Kaaba in Makkah. Surah Al-Baqarah 2:144 commands the Prophet to turn his face toward Al-Masjid al-Haram.
Wudu is ablution performed before prayer when required. Surah Al-Maidah 5:6 outlines washing the face and arms and wiping/washing the specified parts before standing for prayer.
Tayammum is dry purification using clean earth in permitted circumstances, such as lack of water or inability to use it. The concession is mentioned in Surah Al-Maidah 5:6.
Jumuah is the Friday congregational prayer. Surah Al-Jumuah 62:9 instructs believers to hasten to the remembrance of Allah when the call is made for prayer on Friday.
Salat al-Janazah is the funeral prayer offered for a deceased Muslim. Unlike ordinary Salah, it is performed standing with takbirs and supplications rather than bowing and prostration.
Salat al-Istisqa is the prayer for rain. Hadith collections include accounts of the Prophet (PBUH) supplicating for rain when people faced drought.
Salat al-Istikhara is performed when seeking Allah's guidance about a permissible decision. Its associated supplication asks for what is best in religion, livelihood and outcome.
The Eid prayer is performed without Adhan or Iqamah, as reported in authentic hadith accounts of the Prophet's Eid prayer. This distinguishes it from the regular obligatory daily prayers.
Zakat is the obligatory charity due from eligible wealth under its conditions. It supports entitled recipients and teaches that wealth carries responsibility toward society.
Surah Al-Tawbah 9:60 identifies the categories entitled to Zakat, beginning with the poor and the needy. The verse is the principal Quranic reference for Zakat distribution.
Surah Al-Baqarah 2:43 commands believers to establish prayer and give Zakat. Their repeated pairing in the Quran highlights worship of Allah alongside responsibility toward others.
Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA), the first Caliph, opposed those who refused the obligation of Zakat after the Prophet's death. His position affirmed that Zakat remained an essential public obligation of Islam.
Sawm is fasting during Ramadan, from dawn until sunset for those required and able to fast. It is one of the five pillars of Islam.
Surah Al-Baqarah 2:183 gives the purpose of fasting as developing Taqwa, often translated as mindfulness or consciousness of Allah. Fasting is therefore spiritual discipline, not merely abstaining from food and drink.
Surah Al-Baqarah 2:185 allows a person who is sick or on a journey to fast an equal number of other days. The verse expressly states that Allah intends ease, not hardship.
Surah Aal-e-Imran 3:97 states that pilgrimage to the House is a duty owed to Allah by those who are able to make the journey. Ability is therefore central to the obligation of Hajj.
Wuquf at Arafat on the 9th of Dhu al-Hijjah is the central rite of Hajj. The importance of this standing is summarized in the Prophetic teaching: "Hajj is Arafat."